A LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) stack is a common, free and open-source web stack used for hosting web content in a Linux environment. Many consider it the platform of choice on which to develop and deploy high-performance web apps.

This guide shows how to install and test a LAMP stack on Ubuntu 16.04 (LTS).

 

Install LAMP on Ubuntu 16.04

This guide is written for a non-root user. Commands that require elevated privileges are prefixed with sudo. If you’re not familiar with the sudo command, see the Linux Users and Groups guide.

Replace each instance of example.com in this guide with your site’s domain name.

Before You Begin

  1. Ensure that you have followed the Getting Started and Securing Your Server guides and that the Linode’s hostname is set.
  2. Update your system: 
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    sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade

Quick Install Using Tasksel

Instead of installing Apache, MySQL, and PHP separately, tasksel offers a convenient way to get a LAMP stack running quickly.

  1. Install tasksel if not already installed by default. 
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    sudo apt install tasksel
  2. Use tasksel to install the LAMP stack. 
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    sudo tasksel install lamp-server
  3. Enter the prompt for a MySQL root password. See the steps below for Apache configurations, creating a virtual host, and installation of PHP modules for Wordpress installation.

Apache

Install and Configure Apache

  1. Install Apache 2.4 from the Ubuntu repository: 
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    sudo apt install apache2
  2. The KeepAlive setting allows Apache to utilize server-side memory, reducing latency for users on the hosted site. KeepAlive will make a website faster if the host has enough memory to support it. This is done by allowing Apache to reuse connections, instead of opening a new connection for every request.The state of KeepAlive depends on the type of site you plan to run. Please read more about your specific use-case here open the Apache config file, apache2.conf, and adjust the KeepAlive setting:
    /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
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      KeepAlive On
  MaxKeepAliveRequests 50
  KeepAliveTimeout 5
    The MaxKeepAliveRequests setting controls the maximum number of requests during a persistent connection. 50 is a conservative amount; you may need to set this number higher depending on your use-case. The KeepAliveTimeout controls how long the server waits for new requests from already connected clients, setting this option to 5 will avoid wasting RAM.
  3. The default multi-processing module (MPM) is the prefork module. Mpm_prefork is the module that is compatible with most systems. Since the LAMP stack requires PHP, it may be best to stick with the default. Open the mpm_prefork.conf file located in /etc/apache2/mods-availableand edit the configuration. Below are the suggested values for a 2GB Linode:
    /etc/apache2/mods-available/mpm_prefork.conf
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    <IfModule mpm_prefork_module>
        StartServers            4
        MinSpareServers         3
        MaxSpareServers         40
        MaxRequestWorkers       200
        MaxConnectionsPerChild  10000
</IfModule>
  4. Disable the event module and enable prefork: 
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    sudo a2dismod mpm_event
sudo a2enmod mpm_prefork
  5. Restart Apache: 
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    sudo systemctl restart apache2

Configure Virtual Hosts

You can set up virtual hosts several ways; however, below is the recommended method. By default, Apache listens on all IP addresses available to it. For all steps below, replace example.comwith your domain name.

  1. Create a copy of the default Apache configuration file for your site: 
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    sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf
  2. Edit the new example.com.conf configuration file by uncommenting ServerName and replacing example.com with your site’s IP or Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN). Enter the document root path and log directories as shown below, and add a Directory block before </VirtualHost>:
    /etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf
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    <Directory /var/www/html/example.com/public_html>
        Require all granted
</Directory>
<VirtualHost *:80>
        ServerName example.com
        ServerAlias www.example.com
        ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
        DocumentRoot /var/www/html/example.com/public_html

ErrorLog /var/www/html/example.com/logs/error.log CustomLog /var/www/html/example.com/logs/access.log combined

</VirtualHost>

 

如果要增加代码运行的限制目录可以采用如下：

<VirtualHost *:80>

     ServerAdmin 该邮件地址已受到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它需要在浏览器中启用 JavaScript。

     ServerName XXX.com

     ServerAlias www.XXX.com

     DocumentRoot /var/www/html/XXX.com/public_html/

     ErrorLog /var/www/html/XXX.com/logs/error.log

     CustomLog /var/www/html/XXX.com/logs/access.log combined

     php_admin_value open_basedir /var/www/html/XXX.com/

     <Directory /var/www/html/XXX.com/public_html/>

        Options -Indexes +FollowSymLinks

        Require all granted

        AllowOverride All

     </Directory>

</VirtualHost>

 

The file example above has all comment sections removed for brevity; you may keep or remove the commented areas as you see fit.

The ServerAlias directive allows you to include multiple domain names or subdomains for a single host. The example above allows visitors to use example.com or www.example.com to navigate to this virtual host.

  • Create the directories referenced above: 
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    sudo mkdir -p /var/www/html/example.com/{public_html,logs}
    Make sure that you do not put space after comma between public_html and logs because it will create a folder named {public_html, and will cause an error when you will reload Apache.
  • Link your virtual host file from the sites-available directory to the sites-enabled directory: 
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    sudo a2ensite example.com.conf
    If you need to disable your website, run: 
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    a2dissite example.com.conf
  • Disable the default virtual host to minimize security risks: 
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    sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf
  • Reload Apache: 
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    sudo systemctl reload apache2

Virtual hosting should now be enabled. To allow the virtual host to use your domain name, be sure that you have configured DNS services for your domain to point to your Linode’s IP address.

 

If there are additional websites you wish to host on your Linode, repeat the above steps to add a folder and configuration file for each.

MySQL

Install MySQL

Install the mysql-server package and choose a secure password when prompted:

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sudo apt install mysql-server

Create a MySQL Database

  1. Log into MySQL: 
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    mysql -u root -p
    Enter MySQL’s root password, and you’ll be presented with a MySQL prompt.
  2. If no password was entered in the previous section, or if you want to change the root password, enter the following command. Replace password with a new root password: 
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    ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH 'mysql_native_password' BY 'password';
  3. Create a database and a user with permissions for it. In this example, the database is called webdata, the user webuser, and password password: 
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    CREATE DATABASE webdata;
GRANT ALL ON webdata.* TO 'webuser' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
  4. Exit MySQL: 
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    quit

PHP 7.0

  1. Install PHP, the PHP Extension and Application Repository, Apache support, and MySQL support: 
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    sudo apt install php7.0 libapache2-mod-php7.0 php7.0-mysql
    Optionally, install additional cURL, JSON, and CGI support: 
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    sudo apt install php7.0-curl php7.0-json php7.0-cgi
  2. Once PHP7.0 is installed, edit the configuration file located in /etc/php/7.0/apache2/php.ini to enable more descriptive errors, logging, and better performance. The following modifications provide a good starting point:
    /etc/php/7.0/apache2/php.ini
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    max_input_time = 30
error_reporting = E_COMPILE_ERROR | E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR | E_ERROR | E_CORE_ERROR
error_log = /var/log/php/error.log
    The beginning of the php.ini file contains examples commented out with a semicolon (;), which disables these directives. Ensure that the lines you modify in this step follow the examples section and are uncommented.
  3. Create the log directory for PHP and give ownership to the Apache system user: 
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    sudo mkdir /var/log/php
sudo chown www-data /var/log/php
  4. Restart Apache: 
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    sudo systemctl restart apache2
    If you plan on using your LAMP stack to host a WordPress server, download these PHP modules: apt install php-curl php-gd php-mbstring php-mcrypt php-xml php-xmlrpc

Optional: Test and Troubleshoot the LAMP Stack

In this section, you’ll create a test page that shows whether Apache can render PHP and connect to the MySQL database. This can be helpful in locating the source of an error if one of the elements of your LAMP stack is not communicating with the others.

  1. Paste the following code into a new file, phptest.php, in the public_html directory. Modify webuser and password to match the information entered in the Create a MySQL Databasesection above:
    /var/www/html/example.com/public_html/phptest.php
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    <html>
<head>
    <title>PHP Test</title>
</head>
    <body>
    <?php echo '<p>Hello World</p>';

// In the variables section below, replace user and password // with your own MySQL credentials as created on your server $servername="localhost";$username="webuser";$password="password";

// Create MySQL connection $conn=mysqli_connect($servername,$username,$password);

// Check connection - if it fails, output will include the error message if(!$conn){die('<p>Connection failed: <p>'.mysqli_connect_error());}echo'<p>Connected successfully</p>';?></body></html>

  • Navigate to example.com/phptest.php from your local machine. If the components of your LAMP stack are working correctly, the browser will display a “Connected successfully” message. If not, the output will be an error message.

 

Troubleshooting

  • If the site does not load at all, check if Apache is running, and restart it if required: 
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    systemctl status apache2
sudo systemctl restart apache2
  • If the site loads, but the page returned is the default “Congratulations” page, return to the Configure Virtual Hosts section above and check that the DocumentRoot matches your example.com/public_html folder.
  • If the page returned says “Index of /” or has a similar folder tree structure, create a test index.html file or a test file as shown above.

Congratulations! You have now set up and configured a LAMP stack on Ubuntu 16.04 (LTS).

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